One version of Kalgash that Raymond modeled, dubbed Kalgash 2, had a black hole a few thousand times the sun's mass with eight sun-like stars in a ring around it 40 astronomical units (AU) wide, an AU being the average distance between Earth and the sun, about 93 million miles (150 million kilometers). Raymond calculated that a ring of sun-like stars could be stable if there are at least seven stars in the ring, they all have the same mass, they are all evenly spaced along the same orbit, and they orbit something a lot more massive - in the case of a ring of seven sun-like stars, a black hole at least 1,000 times the sun's mass. That requires at least one ring of stars. Raymond then sought out to illuminate the side of a planet facing away from its central star. (Image credit: Sean Raymond/Black hole visualization courtesy of Paramount/Universal) The Kalgash 3 concept by astrophysicist Sean Raymond would place an alien planet in an orbit like that of Earth around a sun-like star, which is part of a ring of 20 stars in all, that orbits a central black hole.
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